Essay about Classical Liberalism - 736 Words

Definition ========== The ideology of classical liberalism is concerned with the conception of an ideal society. The term classical refers to the early form of liberalism that flourished for much of the nineteenth century. It sees human nature as essentially selfish but rational. Therefore the ideal society is one where individuals have maximum freedom to pursue their own interest in competition with everyone else. Origins ======= Origins of classical liberalism are derived from the break up of the feudal system, which allowed people more economic freedom and allowed possible the early growth of capitalism. The fusion of economic and political liberalism has produced a†¦show more content†¦Utilitarianism -------------- Like Locke, utilitarians see men as individuals essentially. However Jeremy Bentham rejected the notion of natural rights as it was nonsense on stilts and as result he developed the principle of utility. Utility is based on the belief that man is motivated by the desire to achieve happiness and avoid pain. Its important to note the utilitarianism definition of happiness - consumption and enjoyment of goods and property and only the provision of this is utility. The opposite of this for example, pain is disutility. Society for utilitarians meant free individuals pursuing their own interests as workers and consumers and the only role the government play is as a protector of these rights, implying they needed little intervention. Any increase in state power would only be a benefit if increasing the total sum of utility and therefore the goal of any political system is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. This heavily relies on democracy and government responsibility and accountability and the state should be answerable to the people. In summary, there are four key utilitarian points- * EachShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution : A Classical Liberalism1261 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific laws or regulations to protect them. It therefore becomes evident that it is laissez- faire (a classical liberalism) that supported the historical record with regards to early industrial revolution. During this time there was liberalism, conservatism and socialist, yet, not everyone that was in reform agreed with all regulations. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, liberalism the nineteenth century was define as â€Å"a political philosophical based on belief in progress, the essentialRead MoreThe Classical Liberalism Theory1016 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Classical liberalism theory mainly emphasis is sited on shielding the freedom of the individual by restricting the power of the government. Classical liberalism is a wide philosophy of politics, economics, and human society that upholds individual freedom and the acknowledgement of universal human dignity. The most important features of The classical liberalism theory is consist of the following beliefs: All human beings have intrinsic dignity and worth, all individuals have intrinsicRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Liberalism1242 Words   |  5 Pages Classical Liberalism is an idea of Liberals limiting the power of the state and maximizing the rights of the individual against arbitrary rule as stated in the Classical Liberalism powerpoint. Some classical liberals included Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Adam Smith, and Baron de Montesquieu. These men fought for â€Å"free markets† inside and between countries as well as a limitation on the all-powerful state. The argument for a powerful government was that it would maintain peace and securityRead MoreClassical Liberalism Vs. Modern Liberalism Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressive ideology that humanity has struggled long and arduously to fully achieve. (PP classical liberalism) According to the Bond textbook, â€Å"Ideology is a consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society.† (Textbook, page 22) The movement that spanned during the creation of the United States was called classical liberalism. What is liberalism? Classical Liberalism could be defined as a movement during the eighteenth maybe nineteenth century that wasRead MoreImportance Of Classical Liberalism1371 Words   |  6 Pages Lib eralism is one of the most multifaceted and widely implemented ideologies among the popular political ideologies. Most of these variations of liberations have stark changes to existing policy or new policy which dilutes the central ideas and values of classical liberalism. This analysis will discuss the implications on the economy, society and the central values, the role of the state and the public vs. private aspects of classical liberalism. The analysis will justify the statement, ‘ClassicalRead MoreClassical Liberalism vs Classical Conservatism2089 Words   |  9 PagesClassical Liberalism VS Classical Conservatism Are you Republican or Democrat? Maybe you are Conservative or Liberal? What do these terms mean and how did they begin? Classical Conservatism is defined as â€Å"a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order.†(Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) Classical Liberalism is described as â€Å"a philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religionRead MoreConservatism Vs. Classical Liberalism859 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, classical liberalism was the ideology that society thought would best protect individual liberties. Conservatism and classical liberalism often resemble each other in social and political ideas and ways of thinking. There are many factors that contribute to this resemblance between the two ideologies. Conservatism in the United States so often resembles classical liberalism because of the similarity in the beliefs of government restrictions an d regulations. Before explaining how classical liberalismRead More Classical Liberalism VS Classical Conservatism Essay2055 Words   |  9 Pages Are you Republican or Democrat? Maybe you are Conservative or Liberal? What do these terms mean and how did they begin? Classical Conservatism is defined as â€Å"a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order.†(Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) Classical Liberalism is described as â€Å"a philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets.† (HudelsonRead MoreClassical Liberalism And The Enlightenment1244 Words   |  5 PagesPaper #1: Classical Liberalism Classical liberalism is the transition from focusing on government to focusing on the rights of individuals. This transition came about during the time of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century. The Enlightenment period was when man started to have more faith in his own reasoning. People began to look for evidence on their beliefs themselves and to find proof on these beliefs, so that they could come up with their own opinions on things. One way that they didRead MoreClassical Liberalism Is A Political Philosophy Originated1594 Words   |  7 PagesClassical Liberalism is a political philosophy originated in the 18th century based on the idea of individual liberty created to preserve an open and accepting, and open-minded society. Classical liberalism is very solemn when advocating for the value of freedom in which emphasizes the importance of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets which includes free trade market capitalism, and economic liberalism. Up until around the 1900s, this ideology was commonly known as Liberalism, however

Aid vs. Aide How to Choose the Right Word

The words aid and aide are homophones—they sound alike but have different (though related) meanings. Among all of the homophones in the English language, these are two of the most frequently confused. How to Use Aid The verb aid means to assist: to provide what is needed to achieve a goal. The noun aid refers to material assistance or to a person, organization, or thing that provides such assistance. As a noun, aid is frequently a synonym for charity, relief, or largesse. How to Use Aide An aide is a person who acts as a helper or an assistant. The word comes from aide-de-camp, a French term for a military officer who assists a senior officer. Aide is always a noun; it often refers to someone who supports an important person such as a politician or a professor. Neither aid nor aide should be confused with AIDS, which is an acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Examples Aid can be either a noun or a verb. It usually refers to some form of material support or to the act of providing such support: The United Nations called for nearly $500 million in aid for flood-ravaged Pakistan.The United Nations appealed for donations to aid flood victims in Pakistan. Aid can also refer to devices designed to provide assistance, such as hearing aids, household aids, mobility aids, and so forth: After breaking his leg, he had to use a pair of crutches as a walking aid. Aide is always used in reference to a person whose job is to help or assist: Before the debate, the candidate reviewed talking points with her aides.He did not know where to find the document; such materials were usually handled by his aide. How to Remember the Difference One way to remember the difference between aid and aide is that aide, like the word helper, has an e in it. If you need a helper, you are looking for an aide. An aide is always a person, usually someone whose professional responsibility is to provide assistance (or aid sans the e). In some circumstances, however, aid can refer to a person, such as in the following sentence: When I was too sick to take care of myself, my husband was a big aid to me. Aid is the appropriate word in this context because the husband was not acting in a professional capacity; he was merely the source of assistance. Common Idioms Aid and abet is a legal term that means to help or assist someone in committing a crime or other wrongful action: For their role in helping the criminal escape, they were charged with aiding and abetting a fugitive. Come to [someones] aid is an expression that means to give assistance or support: When Jims car broke down, another driver came to his aid and gave him a lift to his destination. In aid of is a British expression that means helping (someone or something): The money was collected in aid of the flood victims who had to leave their homes. Sources Lester, Mark.  McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage. McGraw-Hill, 2018.Strumpf, Michael, and Auriel Douglas.  The Grammar Bible. Owl (Henry Holt and Co.), 2004.

Business profile of Sir Terry Leahy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2805 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Any alteration in the senior management of a company is a significant experience in the life of that company. This level of executive leadership often headed by the CEO, is inevitably crucial to the overall performance of the business. The ability, preferences, and ultimate decisions of incumbent leaders of these establishments affect businesses through projects or initiatives undertaken, financial policies, and the corporate culture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business profile of Sir Terry Leahy" essay for you Create order Thus, contingent upon the variability of these attributes amongst those chief executives and the impact of their resulting decisions, changes at this hierarchy can negatively or positively alter the course of the company as well as its performance. Therefore, this paper investigates potentially important consequences of Tescos CEO Sir Terry Leahys resignation in June 2010. It shall examine the impact of this announcement on the companys equity performance in the stock market, staff morale and anticipate the challenges of the subsequent administration. In this investigation, the paper shall also briefly reflect on Sir Terrys leadership style and the effect it had on his administration. PROFILE OF SIR TERRY LEAHY In addressing the impact of Sir Terrys resignation from Tesco, let us start by reviewing his tenure in leadership 1997 2010. Prior to his ascendance, Sir Terry upon graduating from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) in 1979 joine d the retail chain as a marketing executive. It however important to note at this point that; he previously worked part time for the supermarket as a shelf stacker whilst he was attending university. In spite of his humble beginning, thirteen years later, Sir Terry was appointed to Tescos board of directors in 1992 (Marketing Manager in 1981, Marketing Director 1984 -1986, Commercial Director 1986), and in1997 he attained the position of CEO as a 40yrs old. A remarkable achievement in his generation. Under his stewardship Tesco UK market increased to 24% by 2004 making it the market leader. At this point it was estimated that at least one in every eight pounds spent with a UK retailer ended up in Tescos coffers (BBC Archives). Sir Terry has metamorphosed this supermarket into a retail giant with dramatic expansion into new markets, both geographically and in terms of products and segments. Tescos international expansion has given it a presence in 11 markets in Ireland, Eastern Eu rope and Asia. The company branched out into new markets such as home telephony and insurance or finance deals, to name but a few. Sir Terrys many initiatives impressed investors and Tesco share price grew. In one year alone (2003/2004) Tescos share price outperformed the market by 13% (BBC news). Experts credit his success at Tesco to his hands-on style leadership and marketing prowess. Although Sir Terry Leahy places focus on experience and low-key leadership his achievements have not gone unnoticed. This modest retail guru has received several accolades from different magazines and establishment. These include Most Outstanding Individual Retailer (1998-2003) and Retail Leader of the Year (2008) by Retail Week, Knighted for services to food retailing in the 2002 New Year Honours, named European Businessman of the Year by Fortune Magazine in 2004, recognized by the Wall Street Journal and CNBC as European Business Leader of the Year 2005, voted as Britains Most Admired Leader 20 05 and 2006 by Management Today, and a Guardian Unlimited Politics panel found him to be the most influential non-elected person in Britain in 2007. In addition to these he has received the honour of the Freedom of the City of Liverpool. This accomplished CEO believed in the marketing dictate, the customer must come first. A principle he had live by. As a testament to this and a legacy of his creativity and marketing talent, he successfully devised and implemented the Tesco Club Card loyalty program. He takes pride in knowing what customers are buying or want and regularly visits those owned by the competition. Sir Terry also believes in employee motivation; hence, introduced several staff welfare schemes such as the save as you earn scheme. One day a week, he walks the floor of one of Tescos numerous stores, to understand first hand what the different jobs entail, what consumers are buying and what people want. However, Sir Terrys reign and business methods were not universal ly popular. Although the companys financial performance was outstanding, he was criticized on several counts, especially for the companys HR policies. The average wages paid by Tesco were among the lowest in the retailing industry in the UK. The salaries were paid on an hourly basis and the time taken off for tea breaks was not considered while calculating the total working hours. Tescos staff were not given any sick pay for the first three days they were off work. Tesco was further accused of disrupting the businesses of its smaller competitors and suppliers. In February 2004, the small supermarket chain Proudfoot complained Tesco through the Office of Fair Trading of predator pricing (https://www.telegraph.co.uk). In the same year, Tescos  £54 million acquisition of Adminstore was also referred to the Office of Fair Trading, with both supermarket and convenience store rivals urging the complaints authority to scrap the distinction between supermarkets and convenience stores. They accused Tesco of using its tremendous buying power to off cheaper prices than many traditional convenience stores. (Ref: profile: Tesco Chief Sir Terry Leahy by: Jorn Madslien (bbc news online business reporter) https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3624645.stm Last Updated: Tuesday, 20 April, 2004, 07:17 GMT 08:17 UK Below is a graphical representation of Sir Terry 13yrs reign at Tesco and provides comparison with the other major supermarkets in the UK. EXAMINING THE IMPACT To both internal and external stakeholders of Tesco, Sir Terry was exemplary. The fact that he had risen through the ranks from a shelf stacker to CEO, was significant for the Tesco Empire as it greatly helped towards projecting an image of the company as a responsible employer, one which recognises the hard work of employees and rewards them adequately. It is for this reason that he was much appraised as being a key source of inspiration for Tesco employees, with much emphasis placed on where his humble beginnings within the organisation. Furthermore, Sir Terrys very own democratic leadership style greatly contributed to his popularity. His leadership success can further be attributed to four principles; clarity of purpose, consumer focused, delegation and simplicity. In his words; we have been clear about what we wanted to achieve, we have listened to what our customers have told us, we have given responsibility to our managers and staff, and we have kept things simple. Thus o n 8th June 2010 when he announced his resignation, the entire industry was in total awe and shock. In post comments, He maintained he had achieved his two main ambitions of making Tesco Britains biggest supermarket chain and taking the business overseas. He aspired to develop a purpose and set of values that could sustain Tesco through its challenges as well as nurture future leaders. It took 14 years to see that strategy become a firm and complete reality. Conscientiousness Therefore, there was much speculation on the ripple effects of his resignation, with most experts envisaging a hit on share prices as investors react to this momentous change. Many feared for the impact it would on staff morale and the succeeding regime as is common in transitions and times of uncertainty. The anxiety of his resignation was further exacerbated by the economic climate and the global economic downturn. The market was nervous because his resignation coincided with supermarkets facing the toughe st trading environment for many years, as inflation which grocers benefit from, disappeared in the food business (e.g. rising prices had provided a crutch during the recession, consumer confidence is expected to be hit by the spending cuts anticipated in the emergency budget, rising cost of importing goods from the Far East and the expected rise in VAT will hit sales). The state of British retailing was compounded and equally worrisome by the wave other significant movements throughout the industry, with Dalton Phillips replacing Marc Bolland at Morrisons, Bolland moving to Marks Spencer and Andy Clarke being newly appointed as CEO of Asda. Many studies that had examined administrative transitions warned that change in administration can have significant impact on shareholders income as well as the companys operations if not managed properly. The impact this decision has on shareholders wealth is as a result of what is referred to as the signalling effect. Markets interpretation of such occurrence can be good or bad. In some cases the change depicts a performance worse than previously believed whilst others are more concern with the successors ability to improve performance. Furtado and Karan (1990) in their estimation of the signalling effect of CEO change over observed an abnormal downward variation of 25 -50 points on market value of the share prices of the companies engaged in such overhauling. Their finding came a year later after Bonnier and Bruner (1989) found a stronger positive return of about 2.5% when they isolated the effect administrative change overs at distressed companies. In the case of Tesco, share price on the London Stock Exchange dipped by 3% at the early hours of trading on the day Sir Terry Leahy announced his resignation. The table below shows the performance of Tescos share price at the London Stock Exchange since the announcement. The daily performance highlights the markets reaction to the news for the entire week in which the announcement was declared. There was an immediate 10p drop in price by the close of trading from the previous day (see 07/06/10 and 08/06/10 figures). However, though it the recovered in the next two days, the recover lived as share prices generally declined as seen in the weekly and monthly closing figures. TESCO PLC SHARE PRICE PERFORMANCE Monthly Performance Date Open High Low Close Avg Vol Adj Close Jul-10 377.4 407.2 368.4 390.65 20,540,100 390.65 Jun-10 409.6 420.9 379.2 380.05 26,323,400 380.05 May-10 439.4 441.75 389.4 411.6 30,442,100 411.6 Weekly Performance Date Open High Low Close Avg Vol Adj Close 28-Jun-10 398.3 400.1 368.4 381.56 29,833,500 381.56 21-Jun-10 394 402.75 379.5 398.65 30,752,100 398.65 14-Jun-10 398 400.15 387.6 390.75 29,080,900 390.75 07-Jun-10 406.2 413.4 392.25 394.2 25,255,400 394.2 01-Jun-10 409.6 420.9 402.7 412.25 16,352,700 412.25 Daily Performance Date Open High Low Close Avg Vol Adj Close 11-Jun-10 403.55 403.6 393.4 394.2 22,979,600 394.2 10-Jun-10 401.35 403 397.1 401.55 22,754,300 401.55 09-Jun-10 400 402.9 395 399.41 29,705,700 399.41 08-Jun-10 400 402.75 392.25 397.4 39,165,300 397.4 07-Jun-10 406.2 413.4 404.1 407.03 11,672,300 407.03 Source: Yahoo Finance The overall volatility in share prices cannot be limited to that executive decision but it fair to argue that the immediate market shock was reflected by the dip in share prices on the day of broadcast. It important to note at this point that increased volatility can alter a companys investment in the long run through an increased cost of capital, or by a reduction in the attractiveness of the companys shares as a medium for acquisitions or compensation. It can also affect the various agency relationships in the company; exacerbating conflicts between stockholders and bondholders, and hindering resolution of shareholder-management problems. (Hallman and Hartzell, 2003, Zhang and Nandini 2006) It is apparent in Sir Terry Leahys decision that he was mindful of these threats as he planned his succession strategy. The immediate appointment of Philip Clarke as his successor and the authority demonstrated by Sir Terry watered down markets suspicion that the change might have resulted by shareholders uneasiness about his strategy or ability to lead the company through this period of austerity in the UK economy. It was evident that he was not a scapegoat as Tesco financial performance is in a stronger shape coming through the recession. The markets reaction to Tescos internal state of operations would have been worse had he been forced to resign the post. The anxiety of the market often heightens and become intolerant to the change if a good leader is forced due to internal manipulations and corporate politics. Similarly, the market is sensitive to inside and outside successions. It is observed by Zhang and Nandini 2006 in cases of voluntary departures, volatility increases for outside than for inside succession. Hence, Tesco was able to swiftly recover from the initial dip in its share prices. So far the market reaction is sympathetic to Sir Terrys replacement. This is partly due to Tesco internal promotion culture. Philip Clarke, like his predecessor joined T esco from grass root position and worked his way upward. He became part of the board in 1998 and has worked wit Sir Terry since 1981. He currently heads the Asian and European operations, as well as IT department. However, Grinstein noted that the effects such a change is long-lived and can take up to two years after the event for the full impact to be realised. Another test of Sir Terrys remarkable decision is the effect it will have on staff moral. For long Sir Terry democratic and low key demeanour has served as a major source of inspiration for many employees. Despite the sporadic staff upheaval such as in 2006 which led to the resignation of two senior executives (Dido Harding and John Browett) to resign and the accusation of underpaying employees Tesco remained an excellent employer with over twenty thousand employees world wide. His personality and charisma made him approachable and got along with staff. He built around him a staff of disciples and enthusiasts. The conc ern for many now including the chairman of Tesco board who reckon that Sir Terry and given an unrivalled contribution to the progress of Tesco is can Philip Clarke adequately fill this void. Only time will tell. However, as the new administration unfolds next year, the role of corporate governance remains crucial. The new chief executive will need every support he can get to implement his plans and aspirations. At the moment he assumes office on a firm foundation as staff morale is high and Tesco leads the market share. In the eyes of the market and the media the companys operation is solid and its prospects lucrative. He needs to maintain if not improve on this enthusiasm and home grown motivation. Many employees are general loyal to the brand because of its internal recruitment policies of which the appointments of Sir Terry and Philip Clarke to the top job are testimonies. Tescos philosophy is in line with the theories of two American researchers Likert at Michigan and Stodgil l at Ohio (Arnold and Randall 2005) who argued that rather than selecting people with leadership traits, leaders could be trained in the form and style of their behaviours and relationship wit their followers or subordinates. Hence, with the appointment of Philip Clarke came a management reshuffle which experts believed was the right thing to do. It kept the tension and expectations of aspirants to the position at bay and enlisted their support for the new administration. CONCLUSION Career related issues are contentious and can be very stressful for the individual and company. For many employees career progression is of overriding importance. Employees are considered the companys most valued asset, as it is they who drive the business up or down. Thus administrative transition is crucial to the sustainability and image of the company. Therefore an excellent management of this change is essential to the future of the company. Against this premise, the sudden resignation of Sir Terry Leahy from Tesco presented the company with a huge challenge. A challenge of such magnitude needed to be managed with accuracy and precision as the stakes are high. This cosmic shift of power had the potential to make or break the company. Crucial to the entire change process and impact mitigation is the healthy financial performance and prevalent corporate culture of Tesco. These two factors have helped managed any damage to its sales turnover and corporate value. CEO transition s are a rare occurrence in the retail business unlike sports and entertainment. Hence, when these changes occur there is usually a high level of expectation on the new leader. There is normally great optimism if the market perceives the replacement as an excellent job. Even though the credentials of the new are sterling, the improvements that are supposed to come with a change in the CEO are greatly influenced by corporate governance within the company. It can be concluded that Tescos management of the change process was exemplary. Finally, away from the impacts on share price and staff motivation discussed, what seem to be omitted in the post mortem of Sir Terry Leahy decision is the psychological impact it had on staff and the market. The extent of this will be determined over time, however, the new administration must mobilise the commitment of managers to buy into ideologies of control and infuse motivation and support from employees. REFERENCES Arnold, J and R, Randall etal 2005, Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour In the Work Place, 5th edition, Pearson Education Bonnier, K. A. and R. F. Bruner, 1989, An analysis of stock price reaction to management change in distressed firms, Journal of Accounting and Economics 11,pp. 95-106. Furtado, E.P.H, and V. Karan, 1990, Causes, Consequences and Shareholders Wealth Effect of Management Turnover: A Review of the Empirical Evidence Financial Management Hallman, G.J, C, Hartzell, 2005, Carrot and Sticks: The Threat of Dismissal and Incentive, University of Texas at Austin, Working Paper Zhang, Yan and Rajagopalan, Nandini, 2006, Grooming for the Top and Ending the CEO Succession Crisis, Organizational Dynamics, VOl25, No. 1

Huntington s Disease And The Nervous System - 856 Words

Huntington’s disease, also known as Huntington’s chorea, is a rare pathology among the nervous system. With fewer than 200,000 US cases per year is an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over a period of time. This disease will usually start to effect people when they are in their 30s or 40s. Huntington’s usually results in psychiatric symptoms, progressive movement and thinking. No cure to this disease exists but physical therapy, drugs, and talk therapy can help manage symptoms. Symptoms Huntington s disease for the most part causes movement, psychological and psychiatric disorders with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Which symptoms appear first is different with everybody. During the term of the disease, some symptoms will appear more dominant than others, and will have a much larger effect on functional mobility (Mayo staff). The most widely recognized psychiatric disorder connected with Huntington s disease is depression. This is not caused from receiving the diagnosis, but from the damage to the brain that the disease had caused and consecutive changes in the brain function. Other common psychiatric disorders associated with this disease can include Obsessive compulsive disorder, Mania, and Bi-polar disorder. Weight loss will also be added to those symptoms once the disease starts to progress and get more severe. The patient will also start to experience behavioral and physical changes as well. This can include loss of previouslyShow MoreRelatedHuntingtonS Di sease . Our Bodies And The Functions Of1381 Words   |  6 Pages Huntington s Disease Our bodies and the functions of our body parts work in cohesion. Some systems include but not limited too cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and most importantly the nervous system. 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The Case against ‘The Case against Perfection’ Free Essays

string(51) " debilitating muscle loss that comes with old age\." Michael Sandels essay The Case against Perfection (The Atlantic Monthly, April, 2004) is basically a stand that opposes the idea of genetic enhancement primarily via cloning. Sandels places forward his idea of what is wrong with genetic engineering. He admitted its benefits, but he also tried to show how bad it could be allow cloning and genetic engineering. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case against ‘The Case against Perfection’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sandels starts with a thesis that states his stand over the subject matter. His choice of words even in the first sentence alone shows his opposition to the idea of using genetic engineering to enhance the next generation   offspring of a couple.. Throughout the text, the readers find Sandels pondering on perspetive of the advocates of genetic engineering, talking about the possibilities of the technology and then giving the possible good effects that the development of the technology might bring. He then talks about the how the different popular issues against genetic engineering may be invalid. He defends the stand of genetic engineers, but not to really defend it, but only to show why some reasons some parties are against it are not valid at all. Then, he would present the case which he believes is the more valid reason why genetic engineering should not be used to enhance the future generations. Sandels attacks the issue by presenting its different facets using analogies and logical reasoning. Even a s he ended the essay, he quoted what he must have believed to be the stronges and the most tempting reasons why genetic engineering should be given a chance to be used to enhance future generations – perfect muscles, right height,   intelligence, and freedom from diseases.   Yet, like in the other paragraphs, Sandels only refuted the idea of genetic engineering, however, his he failed to lay in details his counter against the satnd of the last author he quoted. In his attempt to show all the sides of the issue to avoid being biased, Sandels showed clearly how the idea of the advocates of genetic engineering works. But most of the time, he is unable to discuss clearly why the idea of the advocates he mention the different parts of the essay are wrong. In some cases, he had problems with reasoning. Let us start with the first issue he raised in the first paragraph. The last part of the paragraph sounds strong, but there are flaws in his reasoning: â€Å"In liberal societies they reach first for the language of autonomy, fairness, and individual rights. But this part of our moral vocabulary is ill equipped to address the hardest questions posed by genetic engineering.† This reasoning is like an ad hominem, only, it does not attack the speaker but the words which encompass the basis of the liberal societies in advocating genetic engineering. In ad hominem, the argument attacks the speaker rather than the reason, but here the words â€Å"autonomy†, â€Å"fairness†, and â€Å"individual rights† appear to be the sources f the argument and are the ones being attacked instead of the arguments that are according to Sandels, founded on these words. Instead of focusing on the reasons, he preempted the arguments of the believers of genetic engineering by claiming there is something wrong with how we define the â€Å"autonomy†, â€Å"fairness† and â€Å"equal rights†. It can further be noted that Sandels himself refuted the oppositions to genetic engineering that are based on autonomy. He did not define clearly what he meant by autonomy in his essay. Moreover, instead of strengthening the position of the opposing parties that base their arguments on autonomy. What he strengthened rather was the stand of genetic engineers when he made analogies between cloning and using botox and steroids. When he countered the argument about autonomy, the first reason he gave why the argument was not convincing is: â€Å"†¦it wrongly implies that absent a designing parent, children are free to choose their characteristics for themselves. But none of us chooses his genetic inheritance. The alternative to a cloned or genetically enhanced child is not one whose future is unbound by particular talents but one at the mercy of the genetic lottery.† (par. 5) His point seems rather ambiguous, for what is the sense of the second sentence of the excerpt? How can an enhanced child be at the mercy of the genetic lottery when the parents have already determined the child’s genes? Moreover, he mentioned that the argument has a wrong implication – that children whose parents did not choose their genes for them are free to choose their characteristics for themselves. The argument states that parents disallow the rights of the child to an open future by choosing a genetic structure of the kid in advance. His does not imply that children can choose their genes. It only wants to say that if their genes are not pre-selected by their parents, they can choose their career paths based on what pleases them and not based on the genes that their parents designed for them, and he even explained it this way. In paragraph 8, he drags the issue to theology, that claiming that it is a matter of moral. He makes it appear that the only way to resolve this issue is by consulting theological thoughts about the issue. He is pushing the idea that this issue can only be resolved if we look into the moral status of nature and proper stance of the human beings toward the given world. He may be right that this is a moral issue, but the grounds on which he based his arguments seem not well founded. This part of his paper appears more like a moralistic fallacy. He seems to be setting up the readers for something that would discuss how things should be and let that be the basis of the argument against genetic engineering or be the argument itself. In paragraph 9, he made a generalization, â€Å"Everyone would welcome a gene therapy to alleviate muscular dystrophy and to reverse the debilitating muscle loss that comes with old age. You read "The Case against ‘The Case against Perfection’" in category "Essay examples"† This is perhaps a swift overview or an overgeneralization. How could he be sure that everyone would be open to the idea? He did not even present any survey to support his claim at least inductively. This is a sweeping statement that can be toppled any who would say that he does not welcome a gene therapy to alleviate muscular dystrophy or to reverse the debilitating muscle loss. In the same paragraph, he made weak analogy. The author claimed â€Å"The widespread use of steroids and other performance-improving drugs in professional sports suggests that many athletes will be eager to avail themselves of genetic enhancement.† Logically speaking, it does not follow that though A and B have similarities, what applies to A will apply to B. Though his claim may be true, he fails to make the necessary connections to establish a strong analogy between genetic engineering and performance enhancers. Again, as he had done in the earlier paragraphs, in paragraph 11, Sandels presents an argument against genetic engineering and refutes it: â€Å"It might be argued that a genetically enhanced athlete, like a drug-enhanced athlete, would have an unfair advantage over his unenhanced competitors. But the fairness argument against enhancement has a fatal flaw: it has always been the case that some athletes are better endowed genetically than others, and yet we do not consider this to undermine the fairness of competitive sports.† Here, mentions that the fatal flaw in the argument is that there have always been athletes who are disadvantaged because some athletes are better endowed. That some athletes are better endowed than others is true, but that this fact is a fatal flaw is the flawed idea. This is a case of fallacy of relevance. Being genetically or drug enhanced is very different from being genetically endowed by nature. A person endowed by nature with genes that make him competitive may have an advantage over those who are not endowed, but both have the equal chance to enhance their abilities through practice. However, it must be considered that an athlete is more likely genetically endowed than not. Hence, the biggest factor is not the natural abilities of the athlete, but perhaps the preparedness of the athlete for a contest. If an athlete is drug enhanced or genetically enhanced, he may not need to practice or train as hard to achieve the results he wants. Therefore, Sandels conclusion that â€Å"if genetic development in sports is ethically offensive, it should be for motives other than fairness† is invalid. In paragraph 14, Sandels proposes two reasons why we should worry about bioengineering – â€Å"Is the scenario troubling because the unenhanced poor would be denied the benefits of bioengineering, or because the enhanced affluent would somehow be dehumanized?† Above this is his belief that â€Å"worry about access ignores the moral status of enhancement itself.† In his argument, Sandels commits a fallacy of presumption, specifically, a fallacy of dilemmas. He limits the situation to two negative scenario – the poor cannot afford the cost of genetic enhancement and the rich who can afford become dehumanized. The question is, â€Å"what evidences point to the situations he is saying?† What he is saying may be plausible, but he is not able to develop it logically to make the premises strong and firm. Limiting his choices to only two scenarios makes it appear that there is nothing more to bioengineering than deprivation of the poor of it and the dehumanization of the rich. This reasoning also makes it appear that only the rich may be able to access genetic enhancement. Furthermore, he limited the tern dehumanization to the rich. This poses a sort of bias to those who can afford it, when earlier in the paper he was talking about athletes who might access genetic enhancement the way they do performance enhancement drugs. Towards the end of paragraph 14, Sandels had a firm claim that â€Å"the fundamental question is not how to ensure equal access to enhancement but whether we should aspire to it in the first place.† This is a misleading notion of presumption. He makes this assumption and lets the evidences suit it rather than conclude based on empirical data and logical analysis. It seems that only because â€Å"the fundamental question is not how to ensure equal access,† then the major concern is whether we should desire for it (bioengineering) in the first place. What he is saying may be true, but the way he develops it makes his reasoning invalid. It weakens his propositions. He repeats the same fallacy in paragraph 18 when he claimed that the real question about growth hormones is not its availability but whether we want to live in a society where the parents spend for genetic enhancement. In his discussion about the possible solutions to problems of unequal access to bioengineering, he made it sound all too simple for the government to subsidize the demands even of the poor. He did not realize that had the governments of different countries the money or funds, they would rather use that money to make sure nobody gets hungry, and not on expensive genetic enhancement that does not have any promise to save people from hunger based on any study. He created a scenario that seemed too easy to happen just to let his idea stand out. His proposition is perhaps a more important question, but the way he brings it out hurts the validity of his arguments. Another issue on his discussion of genetic enhancement is the ability of the parents to choose the sex of their child. In the previous paragraphs he would always state the case of something that is already prevalent and then compare it with genetic engineering. Here, he only mentioned that where folk remedies failed, genetic enhancement or bioengineering can be of help. Through bioengineering, a couple can choose the sex of the offspring. He pointed out in his discussion about this matter that choosing the sex of the offspring somehow removes the giftedness when the child comes. The child not longer comes as a gift, but more like a planned object. He did not criticize how folk remedies also tend create the same effect whether they are effective or not. It is clear ere how he leans toward a bias in attacking genetic engineering. Sandels also had reasons that are too far flung from reality. Consider his argument in paragraph 30. While it is true that effort is not everything, it would not have been possible that a basketball paler who trains harder than Michael Jordan would be a mediocre player. It would take a lot to be more than like Jordan and to earn more than he did, but one who trains harder he (Jordan) did would not remain mediocre. He is using an impossible scenario to create his point. And that does not make much sense at all. In paragraph 40, Sandels said that â€Å"Genetic manipulation seems somehow worse — more intrusive, more sinister — than other ways of enhancing performance and seeking success.† There is a grave error here suggesting that all efforts of parents in seeking to enhance the performance of their children so they may become successful are bad, intrusive, or sinister. What of parents who personally train their children? What of parents who lets their children attend to trainings that they want to attend, because they (the children) want to be successful in that endeavor? Would that be sinister? Maybe that is not what he means, but that is the message his paper seems to be putting across. It could have been better if he specified which ways of enhancing the child’s performance are sinister. In paragraph 53, Sandels wants to pint out that genetic engineering does not only violate religious morals, but also secular morals: â€Å"The moral stakes can also be described in secular terms. If bioengineering made the myth of the â€Å"self-made man† come true, it would be difficult to view our talents as gifts for which we are indebted, rather than as achievements for which we are responsible. This would transform three key features of our moral landscape: humility, responsibility, and solidarity.† He denies religion in this part, but he talks about gifts for which we are indebted. The question now, is, â€Å"to whom are we indebted?† Taking our talents as gifts inevitably leads us to a proposition that involves religion, for where will the gift come from? If the gifts were merely from nature, to whom do we owe humility, responsibility, and solidarity? He further argues that genetic engineering takes away these three. He forgets to consider that the characteristics of a person are but secondary. What a person, whether genetically endowed or not, savors most is life itself. With or without genetic enhancement, a person has reasonability to his fellowmen. In the same way, whether genetically enhanced or not, a person may be boastful or humble depending on how the parents reared him. Solidarity has nothing to do with genetic enhancement or endowment. People unite for a common cause, for love and for peace. His argument is presuming that genetically enhanced individuals are incapable of humility, responsibility, and solidarity, but he did not develop the issue logically. If his statements in paragraph 53 were factual, why did he have to mention, â€Å"The more we become masters of our genetic endowments, the greater the burden we bear for the talents we have and the way we perform†? Immediately following this, he mentioned about the future scenario in which a basketball player may be blamed now for missing rebound, but in the future for being short. Here is another reasoning error, for who would hire a small basketball player if not for his exceptional skill? Basketball payers are usually tall, hired for height and skill, so what is saying is another far flung argument. The last argument in favor f genetic engineering he mentioned pondered on the possibilities of enhancing IQ and physical abilities of children. All he said about this is, â€Å"But that promise of mastery is flawed. It threatens to banish our appreciation of life as a gift, and to leave us with nothing to affirm or behold outside our own will.† If it were indeed flawed, then how is it flawed? How can it banish our appreciation of life as a gift? How can he say hat it leaves us with nothing to behold and affirm with our free will when he himself talked about being endowed by nature? He may be right to think that cloning and other forms of genetic engineering have setbacks, but his essay provided arguments that are pro genetic engineering that he failed to counter effectively. References Sandel, M. J. (April 2004). The Case Against Perfection. Retrieved 9 April 2008, from http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/medical_ethics/me0056.html)    How to cite The Case against ‘The Case against Perfection’, Essay examples

Approaches to Understanding Motivation

Questions: 1: Why do you think there are so many different theories or approaches to understanding motivation? 2: Shouldn't it be possible to determine which one is best and just use it? 3: Why or why not? Answers: Motivation is one of the major factors that contribute in stimulating desire as well as energy in the people to be committed in a job, role along with making a proper effort to attain the goal. Therefore, it can be stated that this is such a part of human life that can be interpreted in several ways. For this reason, there are several motivational theorists and the concept, perception and the attitude of motivation has changed with the course of time. The classicalists theorists have explained motivation differently and so as the behaviouralists (Petri and Govern 2012). Besides that, it can be seen that the Contemporaneous theorists have analyzed motivation in a different way and this is because of the fact that motivation can be explained from different perspectives (Ankli and Palliam 2012). The way Henri Fayol, Max Weber and Taylor have explained the theory of motivation, Elton Mayo, Chris Argyris and Herzberg have explained the theory from some other perspectives. Therefore, it is clearly understood that motivation is such a topic that can be accessed from several viewpoints and thus with the course of time, the concept of motivation has changed significantly in the viewpoints of the theorists. However, it can be stated that the concept of motivation varies from every people in the society and the viewpoint of a manager on motivation varies largely from the viewpoint of the workers (Kerr 2014). However, considering the nature of motivation, it can be stated that it is not possible for any of the persons to determine one particular theory of motivation among all the existing theories. All the theories have their own perspectives and best at explaining motivation from their point of view. Therefore, it is almost impossible to identify one particular theory as the best theory of motivation. The concepts and the explanations of the motivation theories have differed from one theory to another and thus the explanation differs. Therefore, no particular theory can be identified as the best theory of motivation (Schunk and Zimmerman 2012). Main aim of Taylor was to increase productivity in the organization and on the other hand, Gant introduced Gantt chart following Taylor. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory and McGregors Theory X and Theory Y have two different perspectives and main aim of both the theories were to focus on the need of motivation from different perspectives (Malik a nd Naeem 2013). It has been seen from the previous research work that from the beginning, motivation theories have gained enough importance and thus many theorists have worked on this. Each of the theories has tried their best to motivate people both in society, in organization at the highest level, so that they reach the best level (Nuttin 2014). Therefore, each of them have their own set of objectives and based on that, the outcomes automatically vary from one to another. Therefore, it is not proper at all to determine one theory as the best theory of motivation and other as less important (Schunk and Zimmerman 2012). References Ankli, R.E. and Palliam, R., 2012. Enabling a motivated workforce: exploring the sources of motivation.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,26(2), pp.7-10. Kerr, J.H., 2014.Motivation and emotion in sport: Reversal theory. Psychology Press Malik, M.E. and Naeem, B., 2013. Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), pp.1031-1036. Nuttin, J., 2014.Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Petri, H. and Govern, J., 2012.Motivation: Theory, research, and application. Cengage Learning. Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B.J. eds., 2012.Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge.

Night By Elie Wiesel (1166 words) Essay Example For Students

Night By Elie Wiesel (1166 words) Essay Night By Elie WieselThe book Night was written by Elie Wiesel it is also about a true story he wasjust a child when it all happened. The book starts off as a little boy that is12 years old his name is Eliezer he and is three other siblings Hilda the oldestgirl then Bea and the baby of the family Tzipora all lived with there mother andfather they were a small little Jewish family. Elies family owned a littleshop but only Hilda and Bea could help and Elie had to stay in school. Eliewanted to learn the perilous world of mysticism, which is a form of the Jewishreligion that only one can study at the age of thirty. Elies father was notup to discuss the matter much cause the answer that Elie received was not theone he wanted to hear. So Elie found a man named Moshe the Beadle he was a kind,funny and poor normally the people in Sighet would hate poor people that livedon the streets but Moshe was different he was kind and caused no harm. When Elietold Moshe that he wanted to learn about myst icism Moshe looked very surprisedthat a 12 year old would want an old poor man that sits an a synagogue all dayand prays to teach him the mysteries of the mysticism. Moshe started teachingElie everyday but one day the Hungarian police started cramming all the Jews inSighet into little cattle car on a train. Every one that was inside was safe butif you were in the street you were taken. The very next day when Elie went tothe synagogue to meet Moshe he was not there he had been taken. Elie wept andtold his father what had happened to Moshe but it was like telling on him selffor going behind his fathers back and learning mysticism. In 1942 Mosheescaped death and came back to Sighet and was trying to tell every one what hadhappened to him but nobody listened not one single person of the town of Sighetwould even hear him out. When he came to Elies house Elies father Chlomotold Moshe he was not welcome there any longer. The next day Elie went lookingfor Moshe to find out what happened to him. Elie found Moshe weeping in thesynagogue. Moshe told Elie that all the Jews in Sighet were going to die and hehimself almost died he said that the Germans would throw little babies in theair and let the gunners have target practice that they would make the prisonersdig giant holes then take off there clothes and line up on the edge of the hole. They would one by one shoot people and they would fall into the hole there was aman he said that was begging to be killed before his three sons. The only waythat Moshe stayed alive is that he was shot in the leg and fell in the hole andwas mistaken for dead. He said there where three other people that were not deadyet and a lady that that was trapped under dead bodies including her baby. Thiswas in 1942 now its 1943 and Elies mom is looking for a nice young man tomarry her daughter Hilda. It was then quite in the town of Sighet until 1944they heard over the radio that Hitlers army wasnt going to be able to comein to the town of Sighet and hurt any more people because the Russians frontline was moving in. Then the town of Sighet believed the radio and didntthink that they were in danger of be EXTERMINATED. All of a sudden all of thesetroops start coming in the town and nobody thinks to much of it. Until all theJews where told that they were to give all there items of any value to theH ungarian police then they told them that they were not able to leave the houseafter 6:00p.m. Moshe came to Elies house and told Elies dad that he toldhim what would happen and nobody listened to him. Then he ran off in to the darkstreet. The Jews were made to yellow stars on there shirts. Then came theGhettos there were two ghettos a big one and a smaller one the lager one was4streets long and 4streets wide but the smaller one that Elies family was inwas just made up of little side streets. All the Jews in Sighet were put intothe two ghettos. Elies house was in the smaller ghetto and they were allowedto live there but they had to block all the windows that overlooked the street. .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 , .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .postImageUrl , .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 , .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:hover , .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:visited , .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:active { border:0!important; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:active , .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1 .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2a6c8a669f5bf777c308d47b33f385c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daddy, Sylvia Plath EssayElies dad was told by the Hungarian police that they were going to be movedbecause the red army was to close to their location. The next day all the Jewswere moved from the ghettos to a train which would take them to there nextghetto camp nobody new how long it would be or where it was. On the train Eliemeet Madame Schacter who started having visions of fire while on the train. Whenthe train stopped and every one was off they were told that they had to walkfive miles to the ghetto camp. Julick brought a violin who was an older man andthe whole way he was playing songs to keep up every bodys hope. Only a Germansolider shot the old man in the head. W hen they arrived at the camp they meetFranek he was a solider that told every body that if they had a gold tooth thathe was going to take it out. That is what he did after that was done they madeall the women and the men in two lines. The men would go on and work but nineout of ten women would be sent of in to the woods where they would go to the gaschamber or shoot and killed. The men either worked or helped the soldiers. Idekanother German solider would beat the men and he beat Elies dad the most onlybecause he would be to tired to march the way they were supposed to. The onlyreason he was week is cause they only got 500 calories a day. {Which is equal totwo poptarts and a stick of gum}. Later on in the book Elies dad dies of foodpoison and Elie gets in affection in his shoulder and had to go to the hospitalwhich was the most dangerous place to be in the camp {weird uh} because therewas a doctor named Mengele who liked to pick people and experiment on them and Imean like take out there heart and see how long it takes them to die. Or cutthere arm off and let them bleed to death. So Elie got out of the hospital assoon as he could. The book ends really fast but the red army comes in and savesevery one and Elie is the only one left in the family so he goes back to hishouse to gather up what is left. Only to run into a person he new at the camp ata store and started to talk and remember the story.